Happiness Is Measured And Defined By Positive Psychologists

Good evening students, in this lecture I will explain how happiness is measured and defined by positive psychologists and how happiness relates to well-being and positive emotions. Happiness is something that every human being desire throughout the lifespan and most researchers believe that it can be measured by relying on various surveys and questionnaires to ask people questions about what makes them happy. The subject of happiness and more importantly positive psychology has become a major focus in the field of scientific psychology. How is Happiness Defined by Positive Psychologists? There are many way to define happiness. It is something that almost every individual experience or have experience from time to time. However, most of today’s psychologists define the term happiness as a positive mood and an optimistic view for the future. However; Martin Seligman, a pioneer of positive psychology defines happiness as a combination of three important attributes; 1) meaning of life, 2) pleasant life, and 3) an engaging life (Seligman, 2004, p. 36). How Happiness Relates to Well-being and Positive Emotions Although we are all different individuals, we all have basic emotional needs. Each need differ in strength for example; some of us may need more food, more sleep, or more water. Positive emotions are believed to be the key elements that promote both, happiness and well-being (Diener, 1995). Some of the characteristics of positive emotions are hope, love and joy, peace andShow MoreRelatedEssay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesoperate in a more effective and efficient manner. This usually is concerned with preventing congestion at peak times or removing routes on time slots that are not financially efficient, based on the numbers and frequencies of ridership. Recently, psychologists, social scientists, behavioural economists and researchers in other disciplines have been looking beyond these issues and are looking into the importance of subjective well-being (SWB), related to commuter’s evaluations of their quality of lifeRead MorePersonality And Life Satisfaction : Does Agreeableness Affect1420 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality and Life Satisfaction: Does Neuroticism Affect an Individuals Overall Life Satisfaction? In psychology, psychologists are scientists who are interested in investigating behavior and mental developments. This is a concept that everyone has in some point in their lives have been fascinated in or questioned. Investigating behavior is a broad field of study that is linked to the comprehensive domain of studying mental aspects. Two variables to look at, personality and life satisfactionRead MoreThe Social Psychology Of Happiness1586 Words   |  7 PagesHappiness as a phenomenon is a subject that has attracted attention from researchers in psychology. It is baffling how happiness is an intrinsic desire all wish to attain. There are many theories throughout time about how to achieve it and debates about whether it is even an ongoing process or a place. Many famous figures from ancient Greeks, Plato, and contemporary philosophers, Robert Nozick, have queried the meaning of it. Thus, there is no one set definition for happiness. Amongst the many conceptsRead MoreThe Importance Of Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1645 Words   |  7 PagesEmotions comprises of feelings involving physiological responses (sadness, happiness, cry) and cognitions (assessments of the meaning of emotion, learning about ourselves from our emotions). Relatedly, intelligence is important as it refers to think and reason about information (Maltby, Day, Macaskill, 2013). This essay will discuss whether emotional intelligence (EI) is a set of abilities, or a mix of abilities and traits. The Four-Branch model by Salovey and Mayer (1997) consists of four capacitiesRead MoreStress And Its Effect On Our Lives1107 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a simple solution to solve to issue of stress and it is religion. The stresses of everyday lives should be managed through religion and spirituality. Stress is a life changer. It is not an easy topic to comprehend because stress cannot be measured or observed and it varies from person to person. Stress is the body’s response to an increasing anxiety or emotional distress. Sometimes stress can be undetectable and is a feeling of excessively thinking about something or someone in a negativeRead MoreThe Correlation Between Social Activity And Subjective Well Being1701 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipated in an online questionnaire which contained the ‘Satisfaction with Life Scale’ and the ‘Social Activity Measure† to decide upon if a relationship exited between social activity and subjective well-being. The data suggested that a weak positive connection between social activity and subjective well-being existed. The results supported the second hypothesis that the frequency of social activity would be less strongly correlated with well-being compared to satisfaction with social activityRead MoreThe Correl ation Between Social Activity And Subjective Well Being1701 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipated in an online questionnaire which contained the ‘Satisfaction with Life Scale’ and the ‘Social Activity Measure† to decide upon if a relationship exited between social activity and subjective well-being. The data suggested that a weak positive connection between social activity and subjective well-being existed. The results supported the second hypothesis that the frequency of social activity would be less strongly correlated with well-being compared to satisfaction with social activityRead MoreEmotional Intelligence For Biologists By Dr. Paulette Laubsch1643 Words   |  7 Pagesuseful; it is using emotions to make information beneficial and useful. The following paragraphs will explore emotional intelligence and how it affects people’s decision making and sociability with others. Introduction: Emotional Intelligence is defined as an individual’s ability to govern their own emotions and the emotions of others (PsychologyToday). In order to be emotionally intelligent, the individual should have the following 3 skills: emotional awareness, the ability to harness emotions andRead MoreIntelligence Of Intelligence And Intelligence1450 Words   |  6 PagesIntelligence can be defined as referring to intellectual functioning. There are many ways to assess intelligence such as intelligence quotients, many standardized test such as IQ tests, and the comparison of your personal intelligence among those in your same age group. Test like the IQ fail to measure the different types of intelligence. When most people think about intelligence they make the general assumption that one is referring to academic intelligence. There are mare many different factorsRead MoreThe Fundamental Goal Of Buddhism1543 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand how Buddhism defines mental health. Mental he alth is defined as a balance of well-being in the mind that allow a person to reduce mental suffering. Mental suffering is classified as destructive states of mind such as anxiety, frustration, depression, or anger.2 In 2000, a conference was held to discuss the principles of destructive emotions. The discussion took place between the Dalai Lama, Buddhist monks, neuroscientists, psychologists, and philosophers. A key topic of discussion during the week-long

Speech On Political Correctness - 1620 Words

Good morning ladies and gentlemen, thank you so much for being present with us today. Me and my fellow group members are on the opposition team and strongly believe that Political Correctness has NOT gone too far and that in fact it is much needed in today s society. Political Correctness is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"the avoidance, often considered as taken to extremes, of forms of expression or action that are perceived to exclude, marginalize, or insult groups of people who are socially disadvantaged or discriminated against.† However, we believe it is much more than that. It is the protection, appreciation, and acknowledgement of different race, ethnicity, age, religion, gender, sexual orientation, culture, and tradition of the†¦show more content†¦I remember one of my first jobs was at a call center and I had many episodes where people made very racist comments because of my accent, saying things like call me back when you speak fluent English some peopl e were asking me if I was a legal immigrant and depending on my answer they would agree to speak to me or not. And now that the US has a president that explicitly proposes himself as undiplomatic and politically incorrect leader, I have witnessed moments where people felt they had permission to offend and disrespect others because of their religion, gender, sexual orientation, culture, race, ethnicity etc., I myself have been put aside on the airports, just because my Canadian passports states that I was born in Colombia. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Not everyone is the same and that is a clear fact,Show MoreRelated Political Correctness or Freedom of Speech Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesterm political correctness (PC) has infringed on our freedom of speech by assuming that the populace is too ignorant to realize what appropriate speech is. This term is now as common in our society as the term, ‘freedom of speech’. It is incomprehensible how these two words have had such an effect on the manner in which our society communicates. The trend casts a negative view on our society by letting political views determine what is appropriate in our social sector. Political correctness, as appliedRead More`` Apple Removes All American Civil War Games From The App Store Because Of The Confederate Flag1382 Words   |  6 Pagesover the use of the Confederate Battle Flag. People find it offensive and therefore, it is being taken down everywhere. The flag is historical and does carry connotations; however, that is no reason to take down history. It is an issue of political correctness, people are offended and shame people into doing what they want. Now days if you say anything that is not â€Å"politically correct† you are most likely to be branded: racist—sexist—homophobic; even though neither your comment nor your person isRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : The First Amendment1412 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Free Speech Freedom of Speech. The First Amendment. It’s likely the most well-known part of the United States Constitution, and was considered by the founders of our country to be one of the most important pieces of a free society. While in years prior it has generally been agreed upon that free speech - especially political speech - is vital to democracy, today there are some people singing a different tune. There are those who believe that certain offensive speech (or in some casesRead More Political Correctness Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pages Political Correctness Political correctness is a political ideology, nothing more. I believe political correctness is a political ideology and it cannot be correct unless it is linked to genuine transformation. First, I will examine the origins of political correctness to try to get a clear understanding of what this movement is. Second, I will show you that political correctness is political and how it became a political ideology. Lastly, I shall discuss why this ideology does not work. PoliticalRead MorePolitical Correctness in Oleanna Essay686 Words   |  3 Pagespresents political correctness in this extract and elsewhere in the play. Political correctness features prominently within the play. Political correctness was seen as a highly controversial issue in the late 1980s to the early 1990s and was argued within a 1992 essay collection, debating political correctness, that it was â€Å"The most important discussion in American education†. This was perhaps due to the numerous amounts of opinions on whether or not political correctness was right. Political correctnessRead MoreFree Speech And Hate Speech1000 Words   |  4 Pageshate and free speech is, and what the first amendment does to control them both. The first amendment states that congress shall make no law that abridges the freedom of speech. But to what extent should language be protected? The rights of one man should reach until they shadow over another’s. Meaning free speech is protected until it violates the rights of another. Hate speech is the line where free speech becomes unconstitutional. The contrast between free speech and hate sp eech is a heavily discussedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Fox News Network 1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthe language we use is under such scrutiny that some are discouraged from expressing their true opinions for fear of being blackballed by their peers. Not only does political correctness limit free speech, it also fundamentally transforms the way we think by avoiding the topics that some simply do not want to discuss. Political correctness is raising serious questions at West Point, impacting students attending other colleges, and influencing individuals post-graduation. Was the cadet misguided inRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Ray Bradbury1077 Words   |  5 Pageslonger individuals because they are having to fit into society norms. Sleeper, Jim. â€Å"Political Correctness and Its Real Enemies† The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Sept. 2016, Www.nytimes.com/2016/09/04/Opinion/Sunday/Political-Correctness-and-Its-Real-Enemies.html . In this article the research I collected explains the use of political correctness at a University. The purpose of political correctness is to avoid or take extreme measures to desist any action or expression that may excludeRead More Freedom of Speech vs Censorship Essays1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmany rights, the most important is the freedom of speech which provides an umbrella of protection over our remaining rights; however, all of our rights are under attack beginning with the First Amendment which is under constant assault by censorship. The Constitution of the United States says that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceablyRead MoreThe Dynamics Of Political Correctness Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages Correctly Political: A Look into the Dynamics of Political Correctness nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every American probably knows what it means to be politically correct. After all, we hear about it on the news almost every night. We have to be constantly aware of whether or not something we say or do is going to offend someone. This mode of communication is present in every aspect of our lives, from the most formal to the most informal situations. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper will

Safety For Sustainable Business Continuity -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Safety For Sustainable Business Continuity? Answer: Introducation Health and safety is determined as one of the basic human rights and maintaining these human rights is the responsibility of each of the administration that gathers one or more than one individual for work or business purposes. Attention about good health and safety at workplace not only makes the person socially aware, but also makes the administration human friendly as maintaining its employees or people is as important as achievement of key objective (Gostin and Sridhar 2014). According to UNICEF (2018), maintaining health and safety in schools is more important as children spend more time in the care of strangers in schools, pre-schools and vocational training centers except their home. Therefore, it is the duty of the care staff or teachers of those institutes to provide all the health and safety measures to the children by maintaining healthy and nurturing environment to promote the physical and educational development. By maintaining such environment, the educational organizat ion can also achieve a sustainable growth as more and more parents will try to provide their children an environment where their cognitive and physical development could be possible without any risk of health and safety. Loeppke et al. (2015) conducted a research to understand the rate of health and safety issues occurred in past few years across the United States of America and provided the benefits of integrating these human rights in workplace. Integrating health and safety policy is a strategic and systematic integration of health and safety laws into an organization and these policies are replicable and measureable and are able to prevent work related hazard and accidents and illnesses. Problem statement Maintaining health and safety to achieve sustainable business continuity with respect to schools in Abu Dhabi is important in this era of globalization, as the number of violence against children has been increased in past decade. There are different form of violations occurring in school nowadays and these incidences are violating the health and safety norms (Jones, Mitchell and Finkelhor 2012). The effect of such violations are decreasing the trust of parents on the business and therefore the sustainability of the school business has become the matter of concern for thousands of private school owners. Further, researchers have also find the fact that the absence of a proper health and safety guidelines for Asian schools have hampered the business extensively. Hence, it is a problem for current school businesses, that are struggling for the sustainability of their business (Hatherley-Greene 2012). According to the National Newspaper of UAE, the schools of UAE are facing major loss d ue to lack of expert teachers, shortage of staffs, leser technology than the global education system and shortage of suppliers (The National 2017). Therefore, a need of emergency management or business continuity management is necessary for the private schools in Abu Dhabi. However, a proper business continuity management for private schools is still not present and the schools are facing closure due to the lack of a proper management planning (Bajgoric 2014). Further, one more issue related to health and safety is the topic of discussion nowadays, which is hygiene and school vehicle related accidents. Therefore, this research proposal will be discussing these issues in details in the following sections (Jafari et al. 2015). Rationale of the research The prime reason for choosing this issue for the research about health and safety aspects with respect to school business sustainable continuity is increasing crimes and violation against schoolchildren in Abu Dhabi. According to the data of UNICEF, several type of violations violates the health and safety norms. Few of these violations are sexual and gender discrimination, bullying, racial discrimination, fighting and physical assault due to which the parents are losing hopes and trusts from the private school administrations (UNICEF 2018). According to the UNICEF statistics, In UAE, 17 percent of girls and 25 percent boys have been bullied in schools. On the other hand, 58 percent of school going boys have been indulged in fights and physical violence in schools with respect to 39 percent girls (UNICEF 2018). Therefore, the need of health and safety rules and extensively implementation of those rules has become the need of the situation for the safety of the children as well as for those business administrations, who want to run their school business smoothly. This issue has become in this contemporary situation, as according to the Gulf business news, thousands of private schools have to face closure and even more have to merge their institution with the government administrations in last decade. This happened because the school administration were unable to implement the health and safety norms properly as well as fee hike was the secondary factor for the closure of those schools (Gulf Business 2014). This study will focus on the importance of the health and safety norms in the private schools of Abu Dhabi for the sustainable business continuity in UAE. Further, the study will focus on the different business strategies that the private schools of Abu Dhabi should include to attract more parents from the country to trust on them. Furthermore, the study will also include the way these strategies work to attract those parents who are not willing to admit their children in such schools. A timeline and evaluation strategy will also be included in the research proposal. Research aim and objective The aim of this research is to find out the way the strategic business model including the health and safety norms helps to attract more and more students in their schools. Further, this study will aim to understand the various factors that directly or indirectly influence the growth and decrease in the business of such schools (Jasper, Le and Bartram 2012). The study will completely focus on the sustainable business continuity in Abu Dhabi of UAE. The research objectives are as follows: To understand the effect of health and safety norms in schools for better business development. To examine the strategies that can be implemented by the school authorities for the sustainable growth To find out how the health and safety norms are being able to attract more students in their institute for the sustainable business continuity in other countries. To recommend a number of better strategies, which the school authorities could utilize for such sustainable growth. Research hypothesis The null and alternate hypothesis for this research are: H0: The strategies undertaken by the school authorities regarding the health and safety law do not help them to achieve a sustainable business growth. H1: The strategies undertaken by the school authorities regarding the health and safety law helped them to achieve a sustainable business growth continuity. Importance of health and safety in schools Over the past few decades, the violence against children has been increased extensively. From developed to developing countries, the entire world is facing problems regarding the children abuses and violence against children and the maximum of such violence has been reported in schools, especially private schools. According to Thapa et al. (2013), a secure and positive environment in schools helps to foster cognitive and learning skills and physical development, which is important for the productive, and contributive social life. The researchers identified that few of the schools in the United States applied few health and safety related norms that made the school environment physically and socially safe. Further, these safety aspects helped the school authorities to gain suitable business growth. Another researcher Toomey, McGuire and Russell (2012), undertaken multilevel modelling technique to conduct a survey for the Examination of school strategies to promote safety in schools. T hey conducted the survey with 1415 students of 25 high schools. The pool of students had bisexual, Latino youth and students who faced gender disparity in past. The result of the survey indicated that few of those schools did not had any safety and health related norms that increased the rate of bullying and physical violence in them. Another group of researchers trying to review the health and safety law of Department of Pediatrics (Britain), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), Department of Pediatric, Columbia and to understand the role of these norms in the injury prevention. Finally, it was observed that the rate of admission of students was higher in those schools, which implemented the health and safety norms in their institution properly (Brussoni et al. 2012). The other factors that affected the sustainable business of schools worldwide is focus on hygiene and acquiring safety measured for school vehicles. According to the research of Lau et al. (2012), they su rveyed the importance of hygiene for the students, their cognitive development and their performance in studies and divided the schoolchildren (n=773) into two groups one with intervention and another as control. After the completion of academic year 2009/10 they collected the data and it was found that the control group reported 1886 absence and within that 16% parents discontinued their childrens education from that school. Therefore, hygiene has important role in the sustainability of school business and a continuity plan should be prepared to combat or mitigate the effect of lack of hygiene in school premise. Further, another factor that helps the schools to achieve sustainable development by implementing safety of school vehicles. According to the global road safety data, everyday 98000 school children die due to school bus elated accidents worldwide and therefore implementation of school bus safety norms will help to rebuild the trust of parents on the schools (World Health Or ganization 2015). Singapore has implemented road safety norms within their school system so that they can achieve parents trust and lead their institutes towards a sustainable development (Haque, Chin and Debnath 2013). Importance of these in Abu Dhabi The government of UAE is strict about the implementation of the health and safety norms related to employees and schools children throughout the entire country. The Ministry of Interior (MOI) has set up few rules to implement child protection and cultural safety environment at schools. Further they have set up code of conduct rules for teachers, banned the physical punishment rules and have provided the safe transportation (Government.ae 2017). On the Other hand, for the health protection, the government has set up health promotional camps in schools so that the parents and teachers can properly take care of the health of children (Government.ae 2017). However, in last few decade, the school administrations are facing loss due lack in health and safety policy and fees hike. One example of such incidence was published in The national newspaper, according to which, two schools Cranleigh Abu Dhabi and The British School Al Khubairat was issued letters as they will not be able to partici pate in the Abu Dhabi International School Sports Association (ADISSA) because the schools did not had enough school buses (The National 2017). The newspaper provided few past incidences in which lack of safety norms was the reason a three-year-old girl died in the school as the school bus forget to pick her up, in 2015. In another incidence, a three-year-old kid died in the locked school bus (The National 2017). Another factor associated with health and safety is security of the students until they reach their home. According to the data of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) USA, from 2006 to 2015, almost 0.4 percent or 1172 schoolchildren died due to road accidents and they were travelling in a school bus. The maximum of the students belong to age group 14-18 years (NHTSA 2018). It should be noted that the USA has its own school bus related laws and the entire school owners have to follow those laws strictly, in spite of which there are 0.4 percent of children, who died in road accidents (Mongan and Walker 2012). According to the national newspaper, more than 220,000 pupils travel every day to reach more than 780 schools however; the behavior of maximum of the driver is not compliance with the traffic rules of UAE (The National 2015). Therefore, a proper safety guideline for the security of school pupils in school buses is the need of UAE and Abu Dhabi currently. Strategies The strategies that are being implemented by the private schools of Abu Dhabi to maintain the health and safety norm by the UAE government was mentioned in national new paper articles, The Khaleej Times (2016) published that few of the private schools implemented the safety rules by installing CCTV cameras throughout their school campus and school vehicles. Further, private schools under the governmental pressure hired extra school buses and after proper verification employed a school bus guard for the safety purpose of children inside school vehicle. Example of such school is the Raha international School. Methodology of research There are research philosophies related to the topic of the study, positivism, realism and interpretivism. The positivism theory helps to understand the problem and helps in in-depth analysis and the interpretivism helps to develop a business management model. The third approach, realism is the mixture of these two (Mackey and Gass 2015). For this research, the positivism theory will be implemented as it helps to investigate logically and critically. As the research is objective and interaction with the participants are minimal, therefore the research is going to be undertaken in positivism approach (Petty, Thomson and Stew 2012). Research approach There are two research approaches, deductive and inductive research approach. The deductive approach evaluates the topic using existing theories and models and the inductive research utilizes new method and study (Maxwell 2012). In this particular research, the deductive approach has been selected. The already existing models and informations about the topic will be used as developing new data and theories is not feasible, the inductive model will be rejected (Mackey and Gass 2015). Research design There are three type of research design such as analytical, explanatory and exploratory research design. The analytical approach provides a detailed approach about the research study, whereas the exploratory study helps to evaluate the study in the initial stages of the research (Lewis 2015). The explanatory design helps to provide the relationship between the two variables of the research study. In this research study, the analytical design has been chosen, as it will provide a detailed analysis of the concepts and theories of the research topic (Flick 2015). Data Collection method The results of this study is dependent on the secondary data and therefore the data collection method will also depend on the secondary data. Different journals, books and newspaper articles will be used to find out data about health and safety in private schools of Abu Dhabi for the continuous and sustainable business development. Further summary of that research will be used in the data collection method (Panneerselvam 2014). Data analysis The data collected from the secondary resources will be evaluated using the thematic approach. For that, all the data will be converted to themes and further the themes will be evaluated accordingly. All themes will be incorporate one research question and these themes will help in examining the recording pattern within the data (Palinkas et al. 2015). Validity and reliability Validity of the research depends on the accuracy of the test and data collection. On the other hand, reliability is the ability of the research data to produce stable and dependable results. It is very important for any research study to be valid and reliable (Wiek and Lang 2016). Ethical consideration For the successful completion of the research study, it is important for the study to be ethically compatible. As the research will be using secondary data and data collection method, the research work should be properly cited to avoid plagiarism (Gale et al. 2014). It should be kept in mid that the research is for the academic purpose and therefore no promotional or advertisement content should be present within the study. Hence, these points should be strictly followed to conduct an ethically compatible research study (VanPatten and Williams 2014). Outcome The research is using the secondary data, and will be utilizing those data to understand the effect of health and safety norms for the sustainable business development in case of schools of Abu Dhabi. Therefore, outcome of the research might have newer ideas about the different institutions of the world that have utilized the health and safety norms to achieve a sustainable business continuity. Their strategies to make their institute reliable and trusted by the parents will be discovered and how those outcome scan change the state of schools in Abu Dhabi will be understood. Further, the outcomes will provide a complete set of recommendations as the study will have theories and data from around the world. Those recommendations will help to obtain the answer to the research question. Timescale Activities 1st year 1st and 2nd year 2nd year 3rd year Topic selection Searching secondary articles and data collection Creating layout Literature review Interpretation of the collected data Findings of the data Conclusion of the study Submission of the final work References Brussoni, M., Olsen, L.L., Pike, I. and Sleet, D.A., 2012. Risky play and childrens safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(9), pp.3134-3148. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. 2nd Edn, pp. 234-267, Sage. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=jcOICwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Flick,+U.,+2015.+Introducing+research+methodology:+A+beginner%27s+guide+to+doing+a+research+project.+Sage.ots=rrOAdU18c_sig=nPll2LE9oFXZRcqnDTq6J_FMyOo#v=onepageq=Flick%2C%20U.%2C%202015.%20Introducing%20research%20methodology%3A%20A%20beginner's%20guide%20to%20doing%20a%20research%20project.%20Sage.f=false Gale, N.K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S., 2013. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research.BMC medical research methodology,13(1), p.117. Government.ae (2017). Children Health and safety. [online] UAE government. Available at: https://government.ae/en/information-and-services/justice-safety-and-the-law/children-safety/childrenssafety Gulf Business (2014). Abu Dhabi Education Council Orders School Closure By 2015 After Girls Death - Gulf Business. [online] Gulf Business. Available at: https://gulfbusiness.com/abu-dhabi-education-council-orders-school-closure-by-2015-after-girls-death/ Haque, M.M., Chin, H.C. and Debnath, A.K., 2013. Sustainable, safe, smartthree key elements of Singapores evolving transport policies. Transport Policy, 27, pp.20-31. Hatherley-Greene, P., 2012. Cultural border crossings in the UAE: Improving transitions from high school to higher education (Doctoral dissertation, Curtin University). https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1734 Jasper, C., Le, T.T. and Bartram, J., 2012. Water and sanitation in schools: a systematic review of the health and educational outcomes. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(8), pp.2772-2787. Jones, L.M., Mitchell, K.J. and Finkelhor, D., 2012. Trends in youth internet victimization: Findings from three youth internet safety surveys 20002010. Journal of adolescent Health, 50(2), pp.179-186. Khaleej Times (2016).Cameras monitor students' safety in schools. [online] Khaleejtimes.com. Available at: https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/education/cameras-monitor-students-safety-in-schools Lau, C.H., Springston, E.E., Sohn, M.W., Mason, I., Gadola, E., Damitz, M. and Gupta, R.S., 2012. Hand hygiene instruction decreases illness-related absenteeism in elementary schools: a prospective cohort study. BMC pediatrics, 12(1), p.52. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475. Loeppke, R.R., Hohn, T., Baase, C., Bunn, W.B., Burton, W.N., Eisenberg, B.S., Ennis, T., Fabius, R., Hawkins, R.J., Hudson, T.W. and Hymel, P.A., 2015. Integrating health and safety in the workplace: how closely aligning health and safety strategies can yield measurable benefits. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 57(5), pp.585-597. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. 2nd Edn, pp. 156-167, Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=jDg-CgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Mackey,+A.+and+Gass,+S.M.,+2015.+Second+language+research:+Methodology+and+design.+Routledgeots=uI-42pAj3Esig=dRv9nQyou3IB1IU7DkiUIoePgj4#v=onepageqf=false Maxwell, J.A., 2012.Qualitative research design: An interactive approach(Vol. 41). 3rd Edn, 120-124, Sage publications. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=xAHCOmtAZd0Coi=fndpg=PR5dq=research+approach+ots=Y1BTpjqldYsig=ieLfSs-SxT0FnUo2AdfobBlDCfQ Mongan, P. and Walker, R., 2012. The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions: A Historical, Theoretical, and Legal Analysis of Zero-Tolerance Weapons Policies in American Schools. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 56(4), pp.232-240. NHTSA (2018).National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. [online] Nhtsa.gov. Available at: https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/2015_school-transportation-related_crashes_traffic_safety_fact_sheet.pdf Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. and Hoagwood, K., 2015. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), pp.533-544. Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. 2nd Edn, pp. 324-345, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=-pBeBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Panneerselvam,+R.,+2014.+Research+methodology.+PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd..ots=W18Cu_WaRxsig=AJcUsSdlIpTMQ0b672YxwMq5ZNs Petty, N.J., Thomson, O.P. and Stew, G., 2012. Ready for a paradigm shift? Part 1: Introducing the philosophy of qualitative research.Manual therapy,17(4), pp.267-274. Thapa, A., Cohen, J., Guffey, S. and Higgins-DAlessandro, A., 2013. A review of school climate research. Review of educational research, 83(3), pp.357-385. The National (2015).School bus safety should be taught at home, UAE experts say. [online] The National. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/transport/school-bus-safety-should-be-taught-at-home-uae-experts-say-1.40952 The National (2017). Abu Dhabi private schools suspend after-school sports due to lack of compliant buses. [online] The National. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/abu-dhabi-private-schools-suspend-after-school-sports-due-to-lack-of-compliant-buses-1.664156 The National (2017).Tough times ahead for UAE schools, education experts warn. [online] The National. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/tough-times-ahead-for-uae-schools-education-experts-warn-1.88758 Toomey, R.B., McGuire, J.K. and Russell, S.T., 2012. Heteronormativity, school climates, and perceived safety for gender nonconforming peers. Journal of adolescence, 35(1), pp.187-196. UNICEF (2018). Violence against children in schools and educational settings. [online] Unicef.org. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/4.%20World%20Report%20on%20Violence%20against%20Children.pdf VanPatten, B. and Williams, J., 2014.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 2nd Edn, pp. 123-145, Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=2Q8hBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=VanPatten,+B.+and+Williams,+J.,+2014.+Theories+in+second+language+acquisition:+An+introduction.+Routledge.ots=jz_0IdLwdPsig=zyPQ3ElsiG7kpKFXIe5dWBZJhQw#v=onepageq=VanPatten%2C%20B.%20and%20Williams%2C%20J.%2C%202014.%20Theories%20in%20second%20language%20acquisition%3A%20An%20introduction.%20Routledge.f=false Wiek, A. and Lang, D.J., 2016. Transformational sustainability research methodology. In Sustainability Science (pp. 31-41). Springer, Dordrecht. World Health Organization, 2015. Global status report on road safety 2015. 1st Edn, pp. 234-278, World Health Organization.https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=wV40DgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=vehicle+safety+standardsots=DJRBwYdXnhsig=eCoPYZbbvRDq3vtRsOURhVPYYAo#v=onepageq=vehicle%20safety%20standardsf=false Bajgoric, N., 2014. Business continuity management: a systemic framework for implementation. Kybernetes, 43(2), pp.156-177. Jafari, M., Gharari, M., Ghafari, M., Omidi, L., Kalantari, S. and Asadolah-Fardi, G., 2015. The influence of safety training on safety climate factors in a construction site. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene, 6(2), pp.81-87.

LGBT Labor and Employment Issues

Many nations have established different criteria of determining the manner in which the scores of varied companies treat their workforce based on sexual orientation and gender characteristics. Among the many scales deployed is the ‘corporate equality index’. This scale â€Å"rates organizations on a scale running from 0 to 100 percent based on their treatment of gay, lesbian and transgender employees†1.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on LGBT Labor and Employment Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scores realized upon the administration of gender and sexual orientation scales in some organizations reveal that gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered labor issues are pronounced in terms of workforce segregation and stereotyping in the realm of labor and employment. From this perspective, the research paper focuses on comparing experiences of lesbian and gay workers in public versus private sector, and then analyzes the policies of different organizations regarding gay and lesbian workers, both in public and private sectors. In public and private sector, LGBTs have encountered varied experiences. These experiences range from discrimination, inequitable compensation, unequal employment benefits and sexual harassment among others. Much of these experiences arise from ignorance and misunderstanding. While different organizations have made incredible strides in the 21st century through adoption of varying policies to ensure that LGBTs are sealed from discrimination, such individuals remain widely unprotected in the private sector. For instance, managers or administrators may possess little information regarding the LGBTs preferences, historical experiences, facts and perspectives of taking particular sexual orientation. The repercussion is unfair and ineffective rules, policies and actions getting instituted by an organization without taking the consideration of c oncerns of the LGBTs. Rights of LGBTs remain contentious among certain faith groups such s Catholics and evangelistic groups. Such groups widely believe that ensuring the LGBTs have equal access to equal employment opportunities would give rise to slewing gay marriages within their neighborhoods, which result into an inevitable apocalypse. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is a big challenge to modern organizations because the number of the transgendered, gays, lesbians and bisexual is on the rise. In this context, William institute estimates that, in the United States, â€Å"the number of LGBT employees is 7 million in private sector, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government†2. In fact, 30% of all local and state lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered employees dwell in New York and California. On the other hand, â€Å"lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people make up only one half of one percent of state and loc al employees in Montana, North Dakota and Wyoming combined†3. The statistics gives a concrete inference that different states may need to embrace diverse policies in an attempt to address LGBTs discriminations in the labor and employment, both in public and private sector.Advertising Looking for critical writing on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Tilcsik’s research, two differing resumes were sent to about 1700 potential candidates of a new job opening. Despite the two â€Å"resumes being largely similar in terms of qualifications of the applicants, one resume for every opening mentioned that the applicant had been part of a gay organization in college†4. The results of this study indicated that the applicants who did not have gay signal had higher chances of being invited for an interview (11.5 percent). On the other hand, applicants with gay signals had a chance of 7.2 percent of being invited for the same interview. Therefore, the study makes it clear that both public and private organizations need to enact suitable policies to help reduce the negative impacts. The major policies that are deemed crucial for curtailing incidences of discrimination in public and private sector organization are those seeking to reduce discrimination to near zero percent. Labor and employment human rights activists treat non-inclusion of aspects of gender and sexual affiliation as part of workforce diversity as an attempt to foster discrimination in the labor and employment sector in both public and private sector organizations5. Government advocates for equal rights for all people. Since, public organizations are highly inspired by the culture of the government in developing their policies; instances of discrimination experiences are lesser in public sector than in the private sector. Managers in private sector are widely guided by the human resource models that essentially require the managers to engineer and implement policies placed on them by executive directors and the employee rights. This makes it difficult for managers to come up with policies that ensure fairness and effectiveness for all; and yet ensure that the organization attains its noble role: remain profitable. The situation is even bad in case organizational culture fails to favor the concerns of the LGBTs. In conclusion, it is necessary to carry out an intensive research on the differences between experience of lesbian and gay workers in public versus private sector coupled with scrutinizing policies put in place by organization in both sectors to ensure that such experiences become beneficial to an organization. In this manner, it becomes probable to postulate possible interventions to deal with the rising problems in an endeavor to make private organizations succeed in future as organizations in private sector, especially in this era of globalization. Bibliography Hunter, Chris. 2012. Commi ssioners of Anti-discrimination Amendment. The Salina  Journal 1, no. 2: 415.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on LGBT Labor and Employment Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tilcsik, Anthony. 2011. Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Open Gay Men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 117 no. 3: 586. Williams Institute. 2011. Estimates of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered  Employees. New York: Williams institute. Williams, Steve. 2011.Trans Workplace Non-discrimination Bill. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers. Footnotes 1 Chris Hunter, â€Å"Commissioners of anti-discrimination amendment†. The Salina journal 1.2(2012): 415. 2 Williams Institute, Estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered employees (New York: Williams institute, 2011), 45. 3 (Steve Williams 2011, 44) 4 Anthony Tilcsik. â€Å"Pride and prejudice: employment discrimination a gainst open gay men in United States†. American journal of sociology 117.3(2011): 586.Advertising Looking for critical writing on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 5 Steve Williams, Trans workplace non-discrimination bill (New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers, 2011), 34. This critical writing on LGBT Labor and Employment Issues was written and submitted by user Damian Houston to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bully

The Bully The Bully I am better than you. Of course, if you really look at yourself closely, you'll completely agree. It's common knowledge everyone wants to look like me, talk like me; BE me. To be me, is to be the best. My power is beyond your limited capacities. I am able to incite fear from the depths of your soul. A mere glare can make you cower and squirm, I thrive on your intimidation and fear. And I am the root of your fear. I am the one-sided argument , that you cannot win and the creator of the utter helplessness that overwhelms you in my presence. So you can understand that my presence in this world is undisputably important.I am better than you because I can do anything I please and get anything I want. That thought brings me back to my early childhood. It was a beautiful Spring day, not just any day, today was the day the swings were to be hung in the park after hibernating in the city shanty for the winter.The End of Fear

Writing News Stories for the Web

Writing News Stories for the Web Journalism’s future is clearly online, so it’s important for any aspiring journalist to learn the basics of writing for the web. Newswriting and web writing are similar in many ways, so if you’ve done news stories, learning to write for the web shouldn’t be hard. Here are some tips: Keep It Short Reading from a computer screen is slower than reading from a paper. So if newspaper stories need to be short, online stories need to be even shorter. A general rule of thumb: web content should have about half as many words as its printed equivalent. So keep your sentences short and limit yourself to one main idea per paragraph. Short paragraphs- just a sentence or two each- look less imposing on a web page. Break It Up If you do have an article that’s on the longish side, don’t try to cram it onto one web page. Break it up into several pages, using a clearly visible â€Å"continued on next page† link at the bottom. Write in the Active Voice Remember the Subject-Verb-Object model from newswriting. Use it for web writing as well. S-V-O sentences written in the active voice tend to be short and to the point. Use the Inverted Pyramid Summarize the main point of your article right at the start, just as you would in the lede of a news story. Put the most important information in the top half of your article, the less important stuff in the bottom half. Highlight Key Words Use boldface text to highlight especially important words and phrases. But use this sparingly; if you highlight too much text, nothing will stand out. Use Bulleted and Numbered Lists This is another way of highlighting important information and breaking up chunks of text that may be getting too long. Use Subheads Subheads are another way to highlight points and break up text into user-friendly chunks. But keep your subheads clear and informative, not â€Å"cute.† Use Hyperlinks Wisely Use hyperlinks to connect surfers to other web pages that are related to your article. But use hyperlinks only when needed; if you can summarize the information succinctly without linking elsewhere, do so.

Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police Research Paper

Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police - Research Paper Example Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police As maintainers of law and order in the public, police officers should be more cautious on the way they handle people in the public. From sociological and psychological view point, modern study scrutinizes on the determinants of police use of force using data gathered by Garner and Maxwell in 1996- 1997.The information herein entailed the adult custody arrests in six urban law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Dissimilar to most of the recent studies; the degree of force is extended to comprise threat of force as well as varied levels of physical force. The results have revealed strong and reliable evidence that probability os using force and the quantity of force used by the police largely is dependent on what the suspect commits rather than who the suspect is, even after controlling for other factors. The way a suspect is handled and the conduct towards the police seems as the most essential factor explaining the use of force behavior. The results obtained also reveals the effects of race and the gender relations as well as the occurrence of eyewitness and other officers on the outlook. Police use of force The na ture of police to citizen encounter may vary from civil to very fiery, and this may entail both verbal and physical conflict. Acknowledging that characteristics of such nature may encounter alongside with the behaviors of the officers and suspects is essential to comprehend the factors impacting police use of force. All over the world, policing entails and at times demands some amount of force. Bittner (1975) accentuates on this aspect of police work and, moreover, affirms that police are nothing else but a mechanism for the dissemination of situational acceptable force in the society. The law and enforcement officers, are required to use force in particular circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and, in general, encounter numerous situations on their due course of duty when the use of force is required. For instance, in arresting wrongdoers, averting escape, putting into custody the disorderly participants, or when safeguarding themselves and the blameless victims from get ting injured. As it has been confirmed by Skolnick and Fyfe (1993, p. 37), â€Å"as long as the public continues defying law and order, and resist arrest, use of force by the police remains inevitable. Even though the use of force by the police has been significant inn averting and regulating law and order in the society, it has however contributed to alarming rate of social and legal consequences amid the police and the public. This is an aspect that has predominantly resulted towards studying on this essential topic and would enrich our knowledge towards an efficient comprehension in this area of study. Recent research carried out on police use of force reveals that police use force rarely (Adams, 1999; Friedrich, 1980; Garner, Buchanan, Schade, & Hepburn, 1996; Garner & Maxwell, 1999; Worden, 1996). Whether indicated by authorized use of force, (Alpert & Dunham, 1999), the complaints of the citizens, those surveying the officers, the arrestees, citizens or the observational meth ods the recorded data constantly reveal that only a minor portion of police – public relations makes use of force. On the other hand, the encounter amid of the police and the citizen, in which police officers frequently are compelled to make swift decisions may generate inappropriate or unnecessary use of force that may ruin and lower the repute of police authority and authenticity in the public. Among the different theoretical orientations used to explain police use of force, Terrill and Mastrofski (2002) identifies a particular sociological and psychological perspective that

Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo Essay

Development in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Essay Example The major areas pointed out the country’s administration to be requiring major attention include health, creation of jobs, infrastructure, education as well as electricity and water problem. The government has not been able to do much in the listed areas largely due to the intermittent sliding back to armed conflicts and the wanting insecurity levels witnessed in the many provinces in the Eastern region. Religion, ritual, and violence have served an appreciable role, both depressingly and positively, in the development progression of the Democratic Republic of Congo, in both the social scenario aspect, political and economic development aspects. In crisis, religion has served as an intermediary for ensuring emergency relief and safety for the victims of violence in the DRC. It has also played a significant role in being instrumental in the peacemaking process, encouraging the warring factors to embrace dialogue in resolving their misunderstanding. This intermediary role of pla yer par excellence has been articulated both informally and officially. Religion has also stood out as the key engine of the institutional building, democratization process, and popular participation. One of the important pillars for the realization of democracy is conceived in the DRC through the many outreach programs initiated by the various faiths such as the Catholic Church (Herderschee, Han, Kai-Alexander and Samba, 78). The competence of the religious bodies reaching out to the farthest communities in every remote corner of DRC has been applied in the continued mobilization of the famous participation in the continuing process of democratization. Such a case was witnessed in the Catholic Church strong influential contribution in the process of electoral. Religion continues to play a considerable function in the encouragement of reverence for the rule of law, promotion of respect for the rights of human, as well as the promotion of the values and principles democracy, carried out through such initiatives as civic education programs. In the consolidation of the present peace milestone achieved through the process of reconciliation, religion has been an important factor in this role, playing it more efficiently and effectively than any other body. Through the impact of religion, the present arrangement politically in the DRC has allowed for a consensus on the control of power, in spite of not being able to address the deep lying causes of the violent conflicts that are connected to concerns related to historical prejudices and the unhealed traumas that result in the negative ethnicity (Kouvouama). Women and children have been the severely affected by the corollary violence, leaving deep psychological wounds in the major populace of the DRC (Moffet). The communal tensions as well as the ethnic fears are still vivid in some areas in spite of the government’s machinery presence. There is still engagement of religion in the psychosocial processes such a s coming up with reconciliatory programs initiated especially from the community level whereby the deep seated hatred between the diverse ethnic communities is addressed and also through joining victims through the listening centers. Religion, through the various bodies, articulates for the increased capacity and awareness among the people in the peace building process through using extensive training centers and institutions. Religious bodies have become better equipped at handling, analyzing and comprehending the underlying dynamics and causes of conflict. Religion therefore, has built the

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Abuse And Alcohol Dependence Essay According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, Alcohol Abuse is defined as the harmful use of alcohol. Harmful use of Alcohol also implies the abusive use of alcohol and its physical and mental effects. Alcohol abusers according to the study are more prone to drink- seeking behaviors and alcohol tolerance. They can consume large amounts of alcohol to Alcohol abusers also have the psychological capacity to think of alcohol as a way to cure hangovers and exhibit the compulsion or the urge to drink or the compulsive need to consume alcohol. Those who exhibit alcohol abuse also show signs of alcohol abuse. Alcohol dependence is defined as a chronic disease that is influenced by the social and environmental factors. According to experts, Alcohol dependence is used by a person to avoid social and emotional problems in life. There are four signs of alcohol dependence: Constant craving for alcohol Withdrawal symptoms associated with the sudden stop of alcohol consumption Inability to stop alcohol consumption Alcohol tolerance Alcohol dependence brings about certain signs that show that a person is alcohol dependent: The urge to drink every morning Drinking alone and to feel comfortable around people Drinking to the point of experiencing blackout or results to intoxification Drinking to relieve tension or settle emotional or mental problems References Alcohol Dependence. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Health Authority: http://www.healthauthority.com/AlcoholDependence.htm

Submissive and Evil Women of The Holy Bible :: Holy Bible Essays

The Submissive and Evil Women of the Bible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible and the church have been the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of woman's emancipation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A famous 19th century feminist named Elizabeth Cady Stanton voiced this about her struggle for women's freedom. Women, considered a lower class than the men, wanted this subjugation changed. Part of the reason for the subjugation of women is that the Bible could be interpreted in many different ways to suit the needs of the interpreter. These interpretations of the Bible are in part responsible for the belief that women are of a lower class than men. The reason this belief is present in our society is that approximately 85% of Americans are Judeo-Christian. We see examples of these beliefs when we look at the church, the daily lives of women, and the media. Looking at 1 Timothy 2:11-12, we see why our religious society could interpret the Bible this way:    Let a woman learn in silence with all submission, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man, but to be in silence.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We must look at the historical context of the passage. Written approximately 2000 years ago, many parts of the Bible seem outdated. The passage portrays a time when women were property and were â€Å"trained† to be weak and fragile. This stopped only about 30 years ago. Before this time, society taught women from birth to be submissive to men. What does this mean to us today? It means that although American Society is no longer training women to be submissive, the problem is still present in our belief system. Many churches do not believe that women should be part of the clergy. This is because they interpret parts of the Bible, such as 1 Timothy 2:11-12, as saying that only men should preach. In 1848, women made a retaliation to these sentiments. At the Seneca Falls convention, women (including Elizabeth Cady Stanton) signed a Declaration of Sentiments. In the declaration it states:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He allows her in church, as well as state, but a subordinate position,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   claiming apostolic authority for her exclusion from the ministry,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and, with some exceptions, from any public participation in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   affairs of the church  Ã‚   (Declaration 1)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The people that these women fought against, including other women, believe that it is the duty of a woman to be quiet and submissive. I have experienced this anti-freedom dogma growing up in the Church of Christ community. I experience this dogma when I talk with my grandmother, a woman who lives by

Checkpoint: Patient Self-Determination Act

CheckPoint: Patient Self-Determination Act Discuss, in 250 to 300 words, the effect of the Patient Self-Determination Act on health care delivery. Consider how you think records management procedures have had to respond to this piece of legislation. In accordance with Federal Law, the Patient Self- Determination Act provides every competent adult and emancipated minor to be informed that he or she has the right to make his or her own decisions, including the right to decide what medical care or treatment to accept, reject, or discontinue. The effect of the Patient Self-Determination Act has given each patient the right to choose what he or she believes what is best for him or her. Advance directives protect his or her right when making a decision. The act also protects the health care institutions when the agency has to decide what is best for the patient. Advance directives are: Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care, in case the patient becomes mentally incapacitated. A draft for a durable power of attorney will be written. This is a document appointing an agent to act for an individual in the event of incompetence and take effect immediately. The agency can not make the decision for the patient unless he or is can not make the decision. Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Order, the patient request not to be given CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) if the patient heart stop or stop breathing. Living Will, a legal document explaining the medical treatments or life support treatments he or she wants in case the patient becomes terminally ill. Organ or Tissue Donor, the patient has authorized the hospital to remove organs and tissues. Medical suitability for donation is determined at the time of death. The Law of Advance Directives Legal Documents Can Ease End-of-Life Decisions by Karen Markus http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v8n1/advancedirectives. html

Live until you die discussion

â€Å"Live until you die† is a broad phrase that can be interpreted differently depending on the individual who ponders upon on it. To me, living until one dies is simply having a quality of life, congruent to the individual's terms and definition of it. Many people are trapped living in the past, or even in the future, instead of relishing on the present of today, and the now. In our society, a person who prepares for the future usually grows to be successful, but some of us get caught up within that mentality, and forget to enjoy the moment.No one has time bought, and no one usually knows when one is going to die. Unfortunately, some people start â€Å"Living† once they know they have got their days on a countdown, but don't we all? Believe one starts dying the very moment one is born. We are all aware that we are eventually going to die, but reality doesn't usually settle in until one is living with a terminal illness.Living until one dies is enjoying every second Of our lives in the most idealistic possible way, and this should not only relate to terminally al patients, but to anybody who is alive. Everybody should live as though they are dying, and as palliative care nurses, we can advocate for our patient and help them live until they die. Matzo, M. & Sherman, D. W. (2015) Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life. (4th deed. ) New York, NY:Springer.Response: Non-pharmacology interventions such as guided imagery or relaxation exercises have various benefits such as â€Å"Increasing the individuals sense of intro, decreasing the feeling of weakness, improving the activity level and functional capacity, reducing stress and anxiety, reducing pain behavior and pain focus, reducing analgesic dosage without escalation of pain and thus reducing side effects of the treatment† (Matzo,. 475). I agree, before we as nurses conclude or do anything we must first assess the patient. What does this patient know about these alternative procedures?

Coca Cola Company Research Paper Example

Coca Cola Company Research Paper Example Coca Cola Company Paper Coca Cola Company Paper Introduction The below essay is about Coca-Cola company which is a beverage manufacturer established in the year 1892. The companys primary product is Coca cola which was invented in the year 1886 and was first bottled in 1894. The focus of this essay will be on developing a marketing strategy for Classic Coca-Cola or Coke for first half of 2012. This will also discuss about the market segmentation ,pricing strategy and target market using micro and macroeconomics concepts. The economic forecast report 2012 from different sources clearly communicates high economic growth , less unemployment and inflation rates. Coca-cola can use alternative scenarios to reduce the production cost * In countries were labors are very expensive, installing automated manufacturing machines and reducing the labor numbers in the production line will help to reduce its cost. * Coco cola base syrup which is the raw material is imported from regional units to several bottling plants which incurs transport cost, if it is manufactured at the same bottling plant some cost can be saved. The use of LED lighting and automatic shut-down technology during rest periods in all plants will help to reduce cost on Energy. * Production of own energy from renewable sources like solar ,wind in the bottling plant will help to reduce energy costs. * Coca cola can effectively introduce bio degradable plant bottle which can be recycled. PET bottles have 25% recycled plastic and glass bottles have 40% recycled glass. this will reduce its bottle manufacturing and disposal costs. Coca cola, a carbonated soft drink is a FMCG brand . Price elasticity -The opportunity cost of coca cola is very low, in which if the price of the product increases the demand decreased and vice versa responsively. For instance if the price of coke is decreased by 10% , the sales demand will increase by 20%. Therefore coca cola is said to be elastic as the demand is responsive to change in price. PED = %? Qd /%? P (PED=20/-10) Graph 1. 41 1-http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand Income elasticity of Coca cola is the response of demand in quantity to change of consumers income . During the period of decline in consumers income ,the demand of coca cola also declines,as Coca cola is not considered to be a basic necessity for consumers , instead the demand for Milk and bread increases . On the other hand when the consumers income rises the demand of coca cola increases termed as Normal Good. Cross price elasticity of demand: The substitute product of coca cola is considered to be Pepsi, in that way if the price of Coke decreases by 10%then Pepsi will have increase in its demand by10%. XED = %? Qd Good A /%? P Good B (+10/+10= +1) The complimentary product of coke will be fast foods like McDonalds burgers etc. If the price fast food increases the demand for coke will decrease. Graph 1. 51 1-http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Substitute_good The market structure of coca cola is considered to be Duopoly which is also a type of oligopoly. Coca cola and its rival competitor Pepsi is having this type of market structure. There is a high barrier for new competitors to enter as the sector is dominated by these two firms. Also, there is chances of indirect rivalry for price decisions. The target market of Pepsi and Coke are focused more on Teen and youngsters. Pepsi came up with a strategy to sponsor an music event by which teens are more attracted. Thus they decided to become the official sponsor for The X Factor 1 . In response Coca cola planned to sponsor American Idol 2 . Also Coca cola has started a competition called Discover with Taio Cruz 3 which is a challenge for upcoming artist to collaborate with Taio Cruz. By the above example it is clearly understood that Both Coca cola and Pepsi are targeting the same market i. . Music loving Youngsters and teenagers but different strategy. 1 pepsi. com/thexfactor/ 23 thecoca-colacompany. com/dynamic/press_center/2011/03/create-perfect-harmony-with-taio-cruz. html Coca cola segments its market as Demographic Segmentation * Age * Income * Family size Age is a very important factor for determining the segments of coke. For age groups 14-28 the regular classic coke takes its share. On the other hand for diabetes pe ople, 28-40 age groups, the company has Diet coke Which has no sugar . Also for consumers who require more caffeine, no sugar zero calorie the company has Coke zero as choice. For low income groups coke has returnable glass bottles, for high income groups PET bottle coke is available, apart from that cokes pricing strategy is in a way that most of the people can afford so they also have Tin cans coke. For various family sizes coke has various quantities such as 200ml,350ml,500ml,1ltr,3ltr and cluster of cans(6s,12s,18s). Geographic Segmentation Hot and sunny weather pattern countries like UAE and African countries. Psychographic segmentation Focuses on Music and sports lovers (ex : Coca cola owns a baseball park in Allentown,Pennsylvania attracts sports consumers) Pricing Strategy: Coca-Cola uses have different pricing strategies because of its existence over 195 countries: Psychological pricing strategy: The price of a 2-liter bottle of Original Coke was $2. 495. They set the price to end in a 9, because this makes customers think the price is less than $2. 50, to appeal to the customer. Promotional pricing strategy: In supermarkets coke is priced temporarily low, to increase short-period sales. It creates a sense of urgency to purchase it quickly as it the price is for short term Segmented pricing strategy: Coca-Cola has 6s cans, 6s bottles, and 12s cans of the same product, all for separate prices. By their product in different sizes and at different costs, they get to increase their revenue, because there is not much difference in the costs required to produce the products. International pricing strategy: For instance, the price of a 2-litre bottle of Coke in the United States is different from the price of the same product in China. This has to do with the difference in economic conditions, competitive situations, and laws. Channel pricing: Coke carries a different price depending on whether it is purchased ill a fine restaurant, a fast-food restaurant, or a vending machine. 5- http://shop. netgrocer. com/shop. aspx? ;sid=28580561;sid_guid=93f0e5bc-1c27-4eb6-a3dd-e8fd84d5ae82;strid=2D462;sc=wwwNG_D1A024EE;strtab=Grocery;catL0=570;catL1=-1;catL2=-1;catL3=-1;HasProducts=0;ForceMenu=1;shopurl=browse. aspx;ns=1 Coca cola will be the Official Sponsor for London Olympics; Paralympic games 2012 . By sponsoring this massive event Coca cola is targeting to create high demand among young athletes and sport loving spectators. The Olympic Games are described as the Greatest Show on Earth. With a global TV audience of over 4 billion, 8 million spectators, 10,000 athletes and more than 200 countries competing, the show is now coming to London in 2012. Our aim is clear. To use the power of the Olympic Games and the passion and talent of our people to accelerate our plans to create an even stronger business for years to come( cokecce. co. k/about-us/-olympic-games. aspx) By this statement it is clearly understood that Coca cola has planned to create high demand. http://seekingalpha. com/article/271106-coca-cola-a-dividend-pick-for-the-next-5-years As you can see from the above graph that there has been a steady growth in sales for the last decade exceptionally due to the effect of global economic recession a mere decline in 2009 happened. When Recession occurs some consumers choose to buy only basic beverages like Milk, spring water etc. which in turn affects the sales rate of Coke. Therefore, by this graph and the strategy to sponsor Olympics , we can forecast that there will surely be High demand in 2012. Government policy: In some countries the government policies act as barrier to increase demand. * In 1999 Belgium government banned the sales of coke due to health policies (http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/europe/369089. stm ) * In 2006, the Indian state of Kerala banned the sale and production of Coke, along with other soft drinks, due to concerns of high levels of pesticide residue. ( http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Criticism_of_Coca-Cola ) * At 2006 in USA, a number of states had regulations restricting the sale of soft drinks and other foods in schools. wikinvest. com/stock/Coca-Cola_Bottling_Co. _Consolidated_%28COKE%29/Government_Regulation The company functions over 195 countries and it deals with 47 currencies. Coke uses cumulative foreign exchange structure i. e holistic not a individual currency market. If there is some fluctuation in the currenc y market it affects * International operation * Weakness in global economy * Price reduction due to local competition Less profit due to weakened currency * Dollars fall against other major currencies will increase its turnover. The company manages most of the foreign currency exposures on a consolidated basis, which allows us to net certain exposures and take advantage of any natural offsets. In 2005, we generated approximately 71 percent of our net operating revenues from operations outside of our North America operating group; therefore, weakness in one particular currency might be offset by strengths in others over time. We use derivative financial instruments to further reduce our net exposure to currency fluctuations. Our Company enters into forward exchange contracts and purchases currency options (principally euro and Japanese yen) and collars to hedge certain portions of forecasted cash flows denominated in foreign currencies. Additionally, we enter into forward exchange contracts to offset the earnings impact relating to exchange rate fluctuations on certain monetary assets and liabilities. We also enter into forward exchange contracts as hedges of net investments in international operations. Interest Rates: We monitor our mix of fixed-rate and variable-rate debt, as well as our mix

8 Ways to Make Your Job Search Easier

8 Ways to Make Your Job Search Easier If you are thinking of starting a job search, it is a good idea to decide what you need to do beforehand. Laying out a plan in advance and using modern job-search techniques can help you get a job more quickly and find just the position you want. A few handy tips can get you started on the road to satisfying employment and make it easier while you are looking. 1. Connect Using Social Media and FriendsYou’ve updated your resume and are ready to look at classified job ads, but today’s resumes are usually no more than two pages. You might not have enough room to list everything you want. There are other ways to get added space to sing your own praises. Now is a good time to jazz up your LinkedIn page, use Facebook to mention that you are job hunting, and take advantage of your personal webpage if you have one. Sometimes, jobs can come from introductions or referrals, so let friends and former coworkers know you are scouting.2. Examine What Makes You Special and Use ItYou k now you have talents and experience that can help you get a job. Examine your qualifications and talents and job search in that direction. Confidence in what you have to offer to a company is more likely to land you the position you want. Let your resume reflect your expertise. Companies will notice.3. Don’t Take It PersonallyYou probably won’t hear back from many of the job applications you put in, but shouldn’t take it personally. Recruiters can receive hundreds of job applications per week. Their main focus is finding the right person for the job. If you don’t hear back, send an email or make a phone call to make sure your application wasn’t overlooked, and then move on if you don’t receive a positive response.4. Don’t Waste Your TimeYou’ve spotted what you think is the perfect job but don’t have the necessary qualifications. Should you pursue it anyway? This is a major problem faced by recruiters, and the reason many applicants do not hear back. It not only wastes their time but yours also. Apply for jobs for which you are qualified. If you want to move up on the ladder, get the necessary skills first.5. Focusing on Your Job SearchBe smart about your job search. While some job openings are still posted in newspapers, many companies use online job search sites to post openings. Other companies do the job search for you, freeing up your time so you can concentrate on other aspects of your search, such as doing follow ups. Before starting a job search, think about the most efficient way to approach it and follow through.6. Using a Stock ResumeApplicants for a job are more likely to get a callback if the resume is focused on the position for which they are applying. Sending out the same resume for every position is less likely to be noticed by a recruiter, no matter how good that resume is. If you spot a job opening that you find exciting, focus your resume on that job, and it can put you at an adv antage over other candidates.7. Don’t Get OverwhelmedThere are many jobs available, and you know you are a talented worker. However, spreading yourself too thin by applying to many different types of jobs within your category can be a mistake. Try to concentrate on one or two areas to conduct the most effective search, and you are more likely to be rewarded with good results.8. Think About Salary Before Being InterviewedIf you are applying for a job where the salary is listed, can you live on it or does it have opportunities for advancement? If not, move on to other job listings. Many positions these days require that you state your salary requirements. This can be awkward in an interview if you haven’t done your research. If you are called for an interview, research the company to come up with a salary range and present a range, not a fixed salary. The company for which you are applying for a job probably has a salary range already in mind, and you are more likely to get hired if your salary requirements fall within that range.Beginning a job search in these days of strong competition takes skill and preparation. Classified job ads can be outdated and have many applicants. TheJobNetwork takes the stress out of job hunting by doing the heavy work for you. All you have to do is list your job interests and qualifications, and you will receive prompt notices of job openings that match in the form of email alerts. Sign up with TheJobNetwork, and you can job hunt the easy way.

Precise Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Precise Software - Essay Example If they do not launch the product, they might be losing an opportunity of a first mover advantage in the market. The company might lose the novelty of the new product, because other companies are always in the developing spree and might come up with something similar in short period of time. Having analyzed the risks associated, there are three main issues which Precise is facing and if addressed can help to arrive at a decision. (a) When to launch? Within the answer of which lies the explanation for key issues of new product planning and development (b) How to Market it? The answer to that question should suggest correct segmentation analysis and valued marketing strategies to attack the targeted segment (c) What is the best price? An in-depth study of ideal pricing strategy and one which matches with its sales and marketing strategy should be undertaken by Precise. Analysis: Precise is still under the planning and development stage and the product is a novice in the market. Precise is carrying reputation risk and risk of losing its customers. When weighted with the benefits of an early launch, I feel Precise should not launch it in OpenWorld 2000. There are two scenarios which crops up if it’s launched.

Whether it should be legalized to genetically choose the feature of Research Paper - 1

Whether it should be legalized to genetically choose the feature of your own child - Research Paper Example Human rights advocates have also stepped in saying that it is unlawful for the initial genetic structure and composition of a child to be altered or interfered with in any way. Lastly, religious leaders have also come up strongly against genetic intervention basing their arguments on various religious books. Educated and experienced researchers have gone further to compile literary articles that have been used in research fields by students who have shown upending a solution to the above question interests in learning and finding the solution to the above question. This research question is very crucial as it forms the basis of comprehension and cogent reasoning of various intellects to come up with a rational conclusion. Human genetics has always raised fundamental questions across a wide range or variety of disciplines. Due to this, there has been a continuous infusion of capital, talent, and time in a bid to come up with certain important characteristics of human genetic composition. Over the past two decades, researches in various matriculation institutions, government based organizations and at individual level have been in progress with an aim of coming up with or targeting the same goal. As understood, research is not always perfect, these researchers and organizations have always centered their research on the original theses by other researchers. For instance, most of the researches that have been done in this field have been based on the findings of the Dutch Monk, Gregory Mendel’s Genetic Determinism, for instance, the law of inheritance (Edelson 28). An example of a nation that has taken the matter to a greater height compared to other countries is the US. Research reveals that its government has invested approximately $3 billion over the past one and a half decade in the Human Genome project. This project is aimed at decoding or comprehending the language of human genes. Its final aim is to come up with identification of the genetic components of

Comstat Transforms American Policing Research Paper

Comstat Transforms American Policing - Research Paper Example Quoting Director Jeff Godown again, Compstat is a â€Å"philosophy of crime control. It is less about procuring state-of-the-art equipment than about adopting a state of mind that police really do count in reducing crime.† The fact that no specialized equipment or computer software is a prerequisite for implementing the Compstat program makes it easier for different police departments across different cities to make use of it; as Godown said, it is basically just a â€Å"philosophy† that needs to be followed. Venturing further into his address on the â€Å"Compstat Process: Four Principles for Managing Crime Reduction,† it is learnt that many members of the law enforcement sector have had â€Å"the opportunity to attend training sessions and/or workshops on the principles, practices, policies, and procedures,† of Compstat, and that â€Å"the CompStat process is not a single state-of-the-art computer equipped with a special software program†; therefo re, not only is the Compstat model adept at tackling the issue of crime, it is flexible, adaptable, and can be used by any police force in any part of the country. According to HabibOzdemir in his article on â€Å"Compstat: Strategic Police Management for Effective Crime Deterrence in New York City,† the best quality of the Compstat model is the importance given to accountability.For Samuel Walker, he has expressed in his paper that â€Å"accountability is an element of American policing,† and â€Å"lawfulness and legitimacy, in turn, are essential if the police are to achieve their goals.† of reducing crime and disorder.† Returning to Ozdemir’s paper, â€Å"Compstat makes operational commanders accountable for being aware of their decisions and empirical results of

Nature of Globalisation

Nature of Globalisation Critically Consider The Nature Of Globalisation. In So Doing, Identify And Examine The Various Elements Associated With The Process Of Globalisation. It would be fair to say that globalisation had its beginnings just after the 2nd world war, in December 1945, when 15 countries entered discussions to end blind customs tariffs (World Trade Organisation). The aim of this move was to end the years or protectionism which had led up to WWII (World Trade Organisation). It was believed that the terrible economic status of countries after WWI led to WWII. It was thought that if countries trade and economies were more interlinked it would be possible to avoid war in the future (European Commission). This was the basis for creating the European Community (EC), where the aim was to create a common market economy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was also created at about this time following a first round of negotiations. This step was a relatively small one as the agreement only affected 1/5 of the world trade (World Trade Organisation), however it was an important first step in trade liberalization. There were further discussions in an attempt to create the International Trade Organisation in conjunction with the Havana Charter; however this was not supported by the United States, spelling its end (World Trade Organisation). GATT was the only means of governing world trade until the creation of the World trade organisation. Although GATT was relatively limited in its powers, its reductions in tariffs and general trade liberalization helped to spur on world trade growth by 8% a year between 1950 and 1960 (World Trade Organisation). A good sign that this GATT was working was that trade growth continued to outpace production growth (World Trade Organisation). This means that countries were trading, not because they had a giant surplus of product but because the future benefits around economic growth were clear. However GATT was not without its problems, economic recessions between 1970-1980 caused Governments to use other methods to protect sectors facing increasing foreign investment (World Trade Organisation). With the closure of factories and an increase in unemployment, the governments of America and Western Europe set out to subsidise agriculture in order to maintain large trade (World Trade Organisation). This practice made it economically undesirable to export agricultural produce to these subsidise d countries as the price of the local goods was largely brought down by the government, meaning it would be very difficult to attract consumers to the same, more expensive product. This was effectively a barrier to world trade and would have been damaging to the GATT agreement. With increased globalisation, the limitations of the GATT started to be seen. The trade in services was not governed by the GATT, but it was increasing in importance to world economies. Loop holes were being exploited in The GATT agreements (World Trade Organisation), and this led world leaders to believe that there was a need for a more unilateral agreement. The World trade organisation was born and has become the unilateral trade governing body. The GATT was not the sole point of this global push, another organisation, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), started in 1961, with the aim to ‘Supporting sustainable economic growth, boost employment, raise living standards, maintain financial stability, assist other countries economic development contribute to growth in world trade (Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development). These initiatives are a summary of the political will of the time which had such a driving force on globalisation. The speed of change has been facilitated by rapid technological change. Technological change has had a number of steps. The first satellite-delivered basic cable service was called the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN); later The Family Channel was launched in 1977. From 1981 to 1985, the â€Å"big-dish† C-Band satellite market began to take off. System sales soared as hardware prices fell. The increased access that this brought around the globe allowed TV images to be transmitted to the world (Marples, 2008). This process allowed one nations culture and principles to be transmitted very quickly around the globe, therby changes in one country, typically the USA would influence changes elsewhere, where people perceived others to be living better. The demand for information and growth in telephonic communication led to a growth in the 1970s of the telecommunications network, with more ‘trunk lines linking major countries. This both facilitated and satisfied the growing need to communicate across countries (Webb Associates). IBM introduced the desktop personal computer (IBM PC) in 1981. This led to the explosive growth in the computer industry which facilitated the development of global supply chains, where computers linked together in a network could control the management of stock worldwide. The benefits of this were quickly recognised and required the infrastructure to support large data transmissions (Webb Associates). This caused a huge expansion in the 80s of fibre optic cables required for rapid data transmission. As a result many companies invested in the manufacture of this new cable (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002), however with the sheer number of companies producing the cable its value dropped enormously, which in turn caused more of the cable to be used in networking (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002). The next step in this chain reaction was the introduction of faster computers to deal with this massive increase in data transmission; Moores laws states that the ‘number of chips in a computer doubles every 18 months (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). This ever increasing demand and supply of faster computers has driven the development of centralised computer facilities which in turn has promoted the use of faster broadband. This is known as the network effect which drives technology (Nordhaus, 2000). This led to the development of the World Wide Web in the early nineties which gave a further boost to rapid g lobal communications and the need for faster data transmission. The internet spawned a new generation of on-line businesses that traded across the globe, eg Amazon in 1995 (Internet Story). In order to get the most benefit from technology it is best if everyone has it. For example the social networking site Facebook, would be useless if only a few people used it. Similarly technologies such as mobile phones require a high degree of integration as the technologies become useless if limited to those who have the same handset as each other (Dix). One markets use of a given object drives another through seeing the use of it and wanting it themselves (Dix). These technological changes created greater awareness in one market of what was available in another and eventually giving direct access to it via on-line trading. This was creating what has been referred to as ‘The Global Village (Absolute Astronomy). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time. In bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree. Alongside this technological development was the opening up of China in 1978, with the launch of its economic reform program (Huchet, 2006). This allowed China to become the global source of manufacturing (Huchet, 2006). Many companies saw the opportunity to manufacture high value, small electrical items at a low cost. This brought down the price of technology overall, which helped to bring popular electrical items like computers to the masses. It is important to see why the opening up of China was such a large world event in the process of globalisation. China had been isolated from the international world from 1949-1979 (Woo, 2003), so 1/5th of the worlds population had not participated in world trade and investment systems (Woo, 2003), leaving a large void to be filled. This caused the massive relocation of labour intensive industries to China to take advantage of this sudden new opportunity. It is the suddenness of this opportunity which has really caused the dramatic increase in the rate of globalisation. To highlight this increasing rate of globalisation the direct financial investment of a country can be examined. In 1997 China had $44.2 billon of direct investment, in 2002 this figure had risen to $52.7 billion (Woo, 2003), this dramatic increase shows that in the space of 5 years the amount of investment entering China has increased dramatically, showing that growth is not slowing. Due to Chinas massive population, it is also responsible for a large number of world imports, with the growth in Chinese importing between 2002 and 2003 growing by 30% (Stetten, 2005). Arguably culture has been most affected by globalisation. Peoples culture is affected by what they see every day. The export of American movies has dramatically changed some cultures by the assimilation of elements of western culture (Flynn). This exposure particularly affects attitudes to women, birth control and the demand for certain products (eg Coca Cola). The exposure to global media has also caused world fads to arise through product exposure (Lechner); products such as Pokà ©mon and Tamagotchi are a good example of this. Massive increases in the amount of international travel and tourism have caused countries to learn the culture of another through greater exposure to their people (Freesun News, 2009). Immigration from one country to another has introduced one countrys culture to another, which is then passed down to subsequent generations (The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development). The popularity of World sports events such as the Olympics or The Football World Cup are definitely due to increased global communication and generalised culture attracting support from around the world (Freesun News, 2009). In conclusion the process of globalisation was underpinned by the belief that to avoid future wars it was beneficial to promote sustainable economic growth and thereby boost employment and raise living standards, whilst maintaining financial stability to assist other countries economic development and thereby contribute to growth in world trade. This mindset led to the creation of world trade governing bodies, such as the World Trade Organisation and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and The European Union. These organisations set out to liberalize trade through the removal of import/export tariffs and protectionism by governments. The rapid increase in the rate of globalisation has been facilitated by the introduction of technology which has allowed fast communication and transport between geographically distant places. The admission of China into the world trade market has increased supply and demand for finished products which is further boosting industry around the world. References Dix, A. (n.d.). eBulletin. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Network Effects and Market Engineering: http://www.hiraeth.com/alan/ebulletin/network-effects/ Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. (n.d.). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Moores Law: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/705881/Moores-law European Commission. (n.d.). EUROPA. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The history of the European Union: http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm Flynn, D. A. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Revisiting Globalisation through the movie and digital games industries: http://web.mit.edu/cms/Events/mit2/Abstracts/KerrFlynn.pdf Freesun News. (2009, 09 29). Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization: http://www.freesun.be/news/index.php/travel-tourism-unity-through-diversity-in-the-age-of-globalization Huchet, J.-F. (2006). Social Research. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The emergence of capitalism in China: an historical perspective and its impact on the political system: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_73/ai_n26878471/ Ivan P. Kaminow, T. L. (2002). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV: B. Systems and impairments. London: Academic Press. Lechner, J. B. (n.d.). Globalization and World Culture. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Globalization and World Culture: http://www.sociology.emory.edu/jboli/isb408026.pdf Nordhaus, W. D. (2000, June 13). Technology, Economic Growth, and the New Economy. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/sweden%20061300c.PDF Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development. (n.d.). About OECD. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development: http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36734103_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Stetten, M. D. (2005). China and Globalisation. Intereconomics , 40 (4), 226-234. The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development. (n.d.). Immigration Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Immigration Globalization: http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/issues/globalization/readingtable/immigration.shtml Woo, W. T. (2003, 12 04). The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation: http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/woo/Woo.US-China%20statement.1Feb04.pdf World Trade Organisation. (n.d.). The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from World TRade Organisation: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm Select A Multinational Company That Has Existed For At Least 20 Years. Assess How The Process Of Globalisation Has Influenced The Development Of Your Chosen Company Unilever is one of the largest global players in the fast moving consumer goods sector with annual sales of â‚ ¬40,5bn (Company Accounts 2008). However, it started from humble beginnings in Bolton in 1886 when William Lever established a soap manufacturing company called Lever Brothers with his brother James. In this essay I will attempt to set out how the process of globalisation has influenced this company. Unilever was started in the 1890s by the Lever brothers, who introduced Sunsilk Soap to Victorian England. Within a short time Lever was selling soap throughout the UK, as well as in continental Europe, North America, Australia, and South Africa (Unilever). Lever began a tradition at this time that lasted well into the 20th centurythat of producing all its raw components. Lever Brothers, a vertically integrated company, grew to include milling operations used to crush seeds into vegetable oil for margarine as well as packaging and transporting businesses for all of its products, which then included Lux, Lifebuoy, Rinso, and Sunlight soaps. In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. Lever was therefore an early example of a global company (Unilever). In 1914, as the German Navy began to threaten the delivery of food importsparticularly Danish butter and Dutch margarine, the British government asked Lever to produce margarine. This was eagerly accepted as the margarine business was thought to be compatible with the soap business because the products both required oils and fats as raw materials. Lever Brothers successful diversification, however, put the company in competition with Jurgens and Van den Bergh, two leading, long established Dutch margarine companies. This is an early example of global competition (Unilever). Jurgens and Van den Bergh merged to form the Margarine Unie and after two years of discussion, Lever Brothers and The Margarine Unie decided that an ‘alliance wasted less of everybodys substance than hostility and merged on September 2, 1929 and Unilever was born. This was an early example of cross border mergers. The reason for this merger being that both companies used animal fats and oils as their raw materials. The end result of the merger was a company that bought and processed more than a third of the worlds commercial oils and fats and traded more products in more places than any other company in the world an early example of global scale. The decade following World War II was a period of recovery for Unilever, culminating by the early 1950s in rapid economic growth in much of the Western world with the development of the various global trade bodies discussed earlier. Until 1955 demand in Unilevers markets continued to rise and competition was not a major issue. However as markets grew the demand sucked in global competitors, particularly from the USA and Germany and profit margins dropped and success was less assured. Unilevers strategy through this period was to use its global financial scale to acquire companies in new areas, particularly food and chemical manufacturers. Among the postwar acquisitions were U.K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye (1957) and U.S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor (1961) (Jones). The advent of the European Economic Community created new opportunities for Unilever. Since the late 19th century, when the companies that comprised Unilever had set up manufacturing facilities they had been located in various European countries to avoid tariff restrictions and where it was most economical. Under the Common Market, many of the tariff restrictions that had spawned the multinational facilities were eliminated, giving the company an opportunity to consolidate operations and concentrate production in lower-cost countries and thereby reduce its overall costs. During the 70s Unilever progressively consolidated its manufacturing operations across Europe, taking advantage of the economies of scale of the larger European Union Market (Unilever). As the world economy expanded during the sixties and seventies Unilever set about developing new products and entering new markets. It was Unilevers management and technological capability allied to great financial strength based on its success in Europe that made it possible to enter these markets. It developed a global management structure facilitated by improved communications and the growth of air travel (Unilever). Throughout its history Unilever has grown through acquisitions, using its global financial scale to purchase local or regional companies that gave additional scale or access to new markets or adjacent markets, Ponds, Calvin Klein and Ben Jerrys to name a few. These acquisitions all represent foreign investment which without the process of globalisation would never be possible (Newinternatiomalist). As individual markets blurred and a more international view of markets was taken we can see the emergence of global brands such as Sure deodorant, known as Rexona globally. This emergence of global brands required Unilever to restructure its business to remain competitive. In the 1980s Unilever undertook a massive restructuring (Unilever). The company sold most of its service and ancillary businesses, such as transport, packaging, advertising, and other services that were readily available on the market, and went on a buying spree, snapping up some 80 companies between 1984 and 1988 (Unilever). The restructuring was designed to concentrate the company in those businesses that we properly understand, in which we have critical mass, and where we believe we have a strong, competitive future, Unilever PLC Chairman M.R. Angus told Management Today in 1988 (International Directory of Company Histories). Specifically, Unilevers core businesses were detergents, foods, toiletries, and special ty chemicals. This was followed in late 1990s by a comprehensive review of Unilevers wide-ranging businesses in an effort to focus on the strongest core areas: ice cream, margarines, tea-based beverages, detergents, personal soaps, skin care products, and prestige fragrances with several other areas identified as developing core areas: frozen foods, culinary products, hair care products, oral care products, deodorants, household care products, and industrial cleaning products (Unilever). Businesses outside of these areas were sold including its largest disposal the selling of its specialty chemicals business to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. As the pace of globalisation increased, Unilever had to focus more on global brands and in 1999 Unilever announced that it would eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally powerful brandsa group that accounted for almost 90 percent of 1998 revenue. This sweeping overhaul of the product portfolio was aimed at increasing annual growth rates from four percent to six to eight percent and at eventually reaping annual savings of  £1 billion. Unilever has focussed further in the 21st century on 12 â‚ ¬1bn global brands (Unilever). Like with most multinational companies Unilever manufactures many of its products away from the destination market, in order to reap the benefits of cheaper labour and increased profit margins. It operates a global supply chain and, for example, a forecast planner in the UK will control the output from factories in Germany or France and a planner in Singapore may control a plant in China. It is due to the technological synchronisation of the worlds telecommunications and broadband systems that this has become possible, coupled with the ability to send expatriate managers out to foreign countries to develop new operations and transfer management know how. International organisations also have had an effect on the development of Unilever. In 2008 Green Peace targeted Unilever for obtaining palm oil for its soap from non sustainable sources (Jones). Unilever responded by announcing it would source all palm oil from sustainable sources. It is this flow of information from geographically distant countries, facilitated by international organisation, which has undoubtedly forced Unilever to develop to remain in the public good. International competition has always been an issue for Unilever, with international competitors like Proctor and Gamble (USA), Nestle (Switzerland), Kao (Japan) to name but a few. This international pressure has shaped Unilever and its markets. This kind of international competition shows how the world is no longer working on a country level, the entire globe is seen as a single market in terms of competition and as such Unilever faces many different competitors depending on which country it is marketing a product towards. References International Directory of Company Histories. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever PLC Unilever N.V.: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2840600220.html Jones, G. (n.d.). Working Knowledge. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever—A Case Study: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3212.html Newinternatiomalist. (n.d.). Newinternatiomalist. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from History of Unilever: http://www.newint.org/issue172/simply.htm Unilever. (n.d.). History. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.unilever.com/aboutus/ourhistory/